EL CIGARRILLO ELECTRÓNICO
COMPONENTES TÓXICOS Y EFECTOS CARDIOPULMONARES DE LA INHALACIÓN DE SUS AEROSOLES - REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE 2019-2024
Palabras clave:
Cigarrillos electrónicos, vapeo, e-líquido, citocinas inflamatorias, EVALI, disfunción endotelial, aterosclerosisResumen
En 2003, se crearon los cigarrillos electrónicos (CE) para ayudar a los fumadores a abandonar el tabaco. Desde entonces, han surgido numerosos vapeadores con “e-liquid” de sabores y colores atractivos, especialmente para adolescentes. Aún con regulaciones de venta, se estima que el 6% de los jóvenes panameños usan estos dispositivos, lo que subraya la necesidad de estudiar sus efectos sobre la salud. En esta revisión bibliográfica se detallan los componentes de los CE y sus efectos cardiopulmonares. Entre estos, se señala a la nicotina como causante de estrés oxidativo y la disfunción endotelial, pudiendo causar enfermedades cardiovasculares. Por el otro lado, los saborizantes, formaldehído, acroleína y otros componentes del aerosol de los CE generan toxicidad pulmonar y vascular mediante una reacción inflamatoria mediada por IL-6 e IL-8, células inmunes y enzimas. Esto afecta el sistema mucociliar pulmonar y predispone a enfermedades obstructivas pulmonares como el EPOC. Aunque los efectos crónicos de los CE son desconocidos, algunos saborizantes se han relacionado con neumonía lipoidea o “popcorn lung”, y con “EVALI”, Lesión Pulmonar Asociada al Cigarrillo Electrónico que se estudió tras numerosos casos en 2019. Los efectos agudos del CE estudiados indican que estos traen riesgos a la salud, por lo cual se recomienda a los jóvenes informarse y abstenerse del uso de estos dispositivos.
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